Chad was interviewing for jobs, and the HR manager at one firm told him that the company pays the total health insurance costs for a family of four. As a single man, this benefit did not seem especially important to him right now. Here, Chad is low on the ______ element of the expectancy theory.

Chad was interviewing for jobs, and the HR manager at one firm told him that the company pays the total health insurance costs for a family of four. As a single man, this benefit did not seem especially important to him right now. Here, Chad is low on the ______ element of the expectancy theory. 



A. valence
B. instrumentality
C. outcomes
D. expectancy
E. significance


Answer: A. valence


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