At his review last year, Ryan was promised a big raise if he met his production goals. Raises were included in today's paychecks, and despite that Ryan has met all of his goals, he only received a cost- of-living raise. In the future, Ryan's ______ will probably be.
A. instrumentality; low.
B. valence; low.
C. expectancy; low.
D. instrumentality; high.
E. expectancy; high.
Answer: A. instrumentality; low.