_____ is the expectation that successful performance of the task will lead to the desired outcome.

_____ is the expectation that successful performance of the task will lead to the desired outcome.

_____ is the expectation that successful performance of the task will lead to the desired outcome. 



A. Expectancy
B. Reinforcement
C. Valence
D. Instrumentality
E. Effort


Answer: D. Instrumentality


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